Radiology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by McLoud, T. C.
Right arrow Articles by Grillo, H. C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by McLoud, T. C.
Right arrow Articles by Grillo, H. C.

Radiology, Vol 182, 319-323, Copyright © 1992 by Radiological Society of North America

ARTICLES

Bronchogenic carcinoma: analysis of staging in the mediastinum with CT by correlative lymph node mapping and sampling

TC McLoud, PM Bourgouin, RW Greenberg, JP Kosiuk, PA Templeton, JA Shepard, EH Moore, JC Wain, DJ Mathisen and HC Grillo
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.

One hundred forty-three patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were studied prospectively with computed tomography (CT) to determine the accuracy of CT in the evaluation of mediastinal nodal metastases. Mediastinal lymph nodes were localized according to the lymph node mapping scheme of the American Thoracic Society and were considered abnormal if they exceeded 1 cm in short-axis diameter. All patients underwent surgical staging, which consisted of either mediastinoscopy alone or mediastinoscopy and thoracotomy. At the time of surgical staging, all accessible nodes were either removed or sampled. The sensitivity of CT for mediastinal nodes on a per-patient basis was 64%, with a specificity of 62%. The sensitivity of CT for individual nodal stations involved with tumor was only 44%. The presence of obstructive pneumonitis did not appreciably alter the sensitivity of CT, but the specificity was lower (43%). The likelihood of metastases increased with lymph node size; however, seven of 19 (37%) lymph nodes that measured 2-4 cm in short-axis diameter were hyperplastic and did not contain metastases. The relative insensitivity of CT makes formal nodal sampling at the time of mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy essential to detect lymph node metastases.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 BMJHome page
S. A O'Keeffe, A. McGrath, and G. Wilson
An interesting chest radiograph
BMJ, September 24, 2008; 337(sep24_2): a1505 - a1505.
[Full Text]

Home page
 ChestHome page
H. S. Lee, G. K. Lee, H.-S. Lee, M. S. Kim, J. M. Lee, H. Y. Kim, B.-H. Nam, J. I. Zo, and B. Hwangbo
Real-time Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration in Mediastinal Staging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: How Many Aspirations Per Target Lymph Node Station?
Chest, August 1, 2008; 134(2): 368 - 374.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Postgrad. Med. J.Home page
G A Silvestri and S G Spiro
Carcinoma of the bronchus 60 years later
Postgrad. Med. J., April 1, 2008; 84(990): 182 - 187.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
R. Tagaya, N. Kurimoto, H. Osada, and A. Kobayashi
Automatic Objective Diagnosis of Lymph Nodal Disease by B-Mode Images From Convex-Type Echobronchoscopy
Chest, January 1, 2008; 133(1): 137 - 142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
H. Y. Kim, C. A Yi, K. S. Lee, M. J. Chung, Y. K. Kim, B. K. Choi, H. Kim, and O J. Kwon
Nodal Metastasis in Non Small Cell Lung Cancer: Accuracy of 3.0-T MR Imaging
Radiology, December 4, 2007; (2007) 2461061907.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
K. Kaira, N. Oriuchi, Y. Otani, K. Shimizu, S. Tanaka, H. Imai, N. Yanagitani, N. Sunaga, T. Hisada, T. Ishizuka, et al.
Fluorine-18-{alpha}-Methyltyrosine Positron Emission Tomography for Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer: A Clinicopathologic Study
Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2007; 13(21): 6369 - 6378.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNMHome page
F. Wang, Z. Wang, W. Yao, H. Xie, J. Xu, and L. Tian
Role of 99mTc-Octreotide Acetate Scintigraphy in Suspected Lung Cancer Compared with 18F-FDG Dual-Head Coincidence Imaging
J. Nucl. Med., September 1, 2007; 48(9): 1442 - 1448.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
G. A. Silvestri, M. K. Gould, M. L. Margolis, L. T. Tanoue, D. McCrory, E. Toloza, and F. Detterbeck
Noninvasive Staging of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: ACCP Evidenced-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (2nd Edition)
Chest, September 1, 2007; 132(3_suppl): 178S - 201S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
C. A Yi, K. S. Lee, B.-T. Kim, S. S. Shim, M. J. Chung, Y. M. Sung, and S. Y. Jeong
Efficacy of Helical Dynamic CT Versus Integrated PET/CT for Detection of Mediastinal Nodal Metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Am. J. Roentgenol., February 1, 2007; 188(2): 318 - 325.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ThoraxHome page
G A Silvestri and S G Spiro
Carcinoma of the bronchus 60 years later.
Thorax, December 1, 2006; 61(12): 1023 - 1028.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
B.-T. Kim, K. S. Lee, S. S. Shim, J. Y. Choi, O J. Kwon, H. Kim, Y. M. Shim, J. Kim, and S. Kim
Stage T1 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Preoperative Mediastinal Nodal Staging with Integrated FDG PET/CT--A Prospective Study
Radiology, November 1, 2006; 241(2): 501 - 509.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
K. Yasufuku, T. Nakajima, K. Motoori, Y. Sekine, K. Shibuya, K. Hiroshima, and T. Fujisawa
Comparison of Endobronchial Ultrasound, Positron Emission Tomography, and CT for Lymph Node Staging of Lung Cancer.
Chest, September 1, 2006; 130(3): 710 - 718.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
T. C. McLoud
"A system for the clinical staging of lung cancer"--a commentary.
Am. J. Roentgenol., August 1, 2006; 187(2): 269 - 270.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
S. Shiraishi, S. Tomiguchi, D. Utsunomiya, K. Kawanaka, K. Awai, S. Morishita, T. Okuda, K. Yokotsuka, and Y. Yamashita
Quantitative Analysis and Effect of Attenuation Correction on Lymph Node Staging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer on SPECT and CT.
Am. J. Roentgenol., May 1, 2006; 186(5): 1450 - 1457.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
A. J. de Langen, P. Raijmakers, I. Riphagen, M. A. Paul, and O. S. Hoekstra
The size of mediastinal lymph nodes and its relation with metastatic involvement: a meta-analysis
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., January 1, 2006; 29(1): 26 - 29.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
M. A. Eloubeidi, A. Tamhane, V. K. Chen, and R. J. Cerfolio
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Prior Negative Mediastinoscopy
Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2005; 80(4): 1231 - 1239.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
S. G. Spiro and G. A. Silvestri
One Hundred Years of Lung Cancer
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2005; 172(5): 523 - 529.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
S. S. Shim, K. S. Lee, B.-T. Kim, M. J. Chung, E. J. Lee, J. Han, J. Y. Choi, O J. Kwon, Y. M. Shim, and S. Kim
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prospective Comparison of Integrated FDG PET/CT and CT Alone for Preoperative Staging
Radiology, September 1, 2005; 236(3): 1011 - 1019.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ThoraxHome page
M Kumaran, R E Benamore, R Vaidhyanath, S Muller, C J Richards, M D Peake, and J J Entwisle
Ultrasound guided cytological aspiration of supraclavicular lymph nodes in patients with suspected lung cancer
Thorax, March 1, 2005; 60(3): 229 - 233.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
J. K. LeBlanc, B. M. Devereaux, T. F. Imperiale, K. Kesler, J. M. DeWitt, O. Cummings, D. Ciaccia, S. Sherman, P. Mathur, D. Conces, et al.
Endoscopic Ultrasound in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Negative Mediastinum on Computed Tomography
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2005; 171(2): 177 - 182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
M. A. Eloubeidi, R. J. Cerfolio, V. K. Chen, R. Desmond, S. Syed, and B. Ojha
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration of Mediastinal Lymph Node in Patients With Suspected Lung Cancer After Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography Scans
Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2005; 79(1): 263 - 268.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ImagingHome page
L N Gomersall and S Olson
Imaging in lung cancer
Imaging, October 1, 2004; 16(1): 1 - 9.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
H. Vesselle, E. Turcotte, L. Wiens, R. Schmidt, J. E. Takasugi, T. Lalani, E. Vallieres, and D. E. Wood
Relationship between Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake at Positron Emission Tomography and Surgical Stage with Relevance to Patient Prognosis
Clin. Cancer Res., July 15, 2004; 10(14): 4709 - 4716.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
B. Misselwitz, J. Platzek, and H.-J. Weinmann
Early MR Lymphography with Gadofluorine M in Rabbits
Radiology, June 1, 2004; 231(3): 682 - 688.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
Y. Ohno, H. Hatabu, D. Takenaka, T. Higashino, H. Watanabe, C. Ohbayashi, M. Yoshimura, M. Satouchi, Y. Nishimura, and K. Sugimura
Metastases in Mediastinal and Hilar Lymph Nodes in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment with STIR Turbo Spin-Echo MR Imaging
Radiology, June 1, 2004; 231(3): 872 - 879.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
R. F. Kelly, T. Tran, A. Holmstrom, J. Murar, and R. J. Segurola Jr
Accuracy and Cost-Effectiveness of [18F]-2-Fluoro-Deoxy-D-Glucose-Positron Emission Tomography Scan in Potentially Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Chest, April 1, 2004; 125(4): 1413 - 1423.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
A. T. Rocha, M. McCormack, G. Montana, and G. Schreiber
Association Between Lower Lobe Location and Upstaging for Early-Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Chest, April 1, 2004; 125(4): 1424 - 1430.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadioGraphicsHome page
A. Sharma, P. Fidias, L. A. Hayman, S. L. Loomis, K. H. Taber, and S. L. Aquino
Patterns of Lymphadenopathy in Thoracic Malignancies
RadioGraphics, March 1, 2004; 24(2): 419 - 434.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
D. Kahn, Y. Menda, K. Kernstine, D. Bushnell, K. McLaughlin, S. Miller, and K. Berbaum
The Utility of 99mTc Depreotide Compared With F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography and Surgical Staging in Patients With Suspected Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Chest, February 1, 2004; 125(2): 494 - 501.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
A. Spira and D. S. Ettinger
Multidisciplinary Management of Lung Cancer
N. Engl. J. Med., January 22, 2004; 350(4): 379 - 392.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
M. K. Gould, W. G. Kuschner, C. E. Rydzak, C. C. Maclean, A. N. Demas, H. Shigemitsu, J. K. Chan, and D. K. Owens
Test Performance of Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography for Mediastinal Staging in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Ann Intern Med, December 2, 2003; 139(11): 879 - 892.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
J. K. LeBlanc, R. Espada, and G. Ergun
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Staging Techniques and Endoscopic Ultrasound: Tissue Is Still the Issue
Chest, May 1, 2003; 123(5): 1718 - 1725.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JCOHome page
M. P. Mac Manus, R. J. Hicks, J. P. Matthews, A. McKenzie, D. Rischin, E. K. Salminen, and D. L. Ball
Positron Emission Tomography Is Superior to Computed Tomography Scanning for Response-Assessment After Radical Radiotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
J. Clin. Oncol., April 1, 2003; 21(7): 1285 - 1292.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
A. Fritscher-Ravens, K. H. Bohuslavizki, L. Brandt, C. Bobrowski, C. Lund, W. T. Knofel, and A. Pforte
Mediastinal Lymph Node Involvement in Potentially Resectable Lung Cancer: Comparison of CT, Positron Emission Tomography, and Endoscopic Ultrasonography With and Without Fine-Needle Aspiration
Chest, February 1, 2003; 123(2): 442 - 451.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
K. L. Prenzel, S. P. Monig, J. M. Sinning, S. E. Baldus, H.-G. Brochhagen, P. M. Schneider, and A. H. Holscher
Lymph Node Size and Metastatic Infiltration in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Chest, February 1, 2003; 123(2): 463 - 467.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
T. P. Graeter, D. Hellwig, K. Hoffmann, D. Ukena, C.-M. Kirsch, and H.-J. Schafers
Mediastinal lymph node staging in suspected lung cancer: comparison of positron emission tomography with F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and mediastinoscopy
Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2003; 75(1): 231 - 236.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
E. M. Toloza, L. Harpole, and D. C. McCrory
Noninvasive Staging of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review of the Current Evidence
Chest, January 1, 2003; 123(1_suppl): 137S - 146S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
S. G. Spiro and J. C. Porter
Lung Cancer--Where Are We Today?: Current Advances in Staging and Nonsurgical Treatment
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2002; 166(9): 1166 - 1196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
H. Vesselle, J. M. Pugsley, E. Vallieres, and D. E. Wood
The impact of fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 positron-emission tomography on the surgical staging of non-small cell lung cancer
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., September 1, 2002; 124(3): 511 - 519.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
R. Makitaro, P. Paakko, E. Huhti, R. Bloigu, and V.L. Kinnula
Prospective population-based study on the survival of patients with lung cancer
Eur. Respir. J., June 1, 2002; 19(6): 1087 - 1092.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
N. Hollings and P. Shaw
Diagnostic imaging of lung cancer
Eur. Respir. J., April 1, 2002; 19(4): 722 - 742.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ThoraxHome page
I Penman and R J Fergusson
Endoscopic ultrasound: a useful tool to assess the mediastinum in patients with lung cancer?
Thorax, February 1, 2002; 57(2): 95 - 96.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
J.A. Verschakelen, J. Bogaert, and W. De Wever
Computed tomography in staging for lung cancer
Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2002; 19(35_suppl): 40S - 48s.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
J.F. Vansteenkiste
Imaging in lung cancer: positron emission tomography scan
Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2002; 19(35_suppl): 49S - 60s.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mayo Clin. Proc.Home page
G. C. Harewood, M. J. Wiersema, E. S. Edell, and M. Liebow
Cost-Minimization Analysis of Alternative Diagnostic Approaches in a Modeled Patient With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Subcarinal Lymphadenopathy
Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2002; 77(2): 155 - 164.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
S.-i. Watanabe, G. Ladas, and P. Goldstraw
Inter-observer variability in systematic nodal dissection: comparison of European and Japanese nodal designation
Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2002; 73(1): 245 - 248.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadioGraphicsHome page
W. B. Eubank, D. A. Mankoff, H. J. Vesselle, J. F. Eary, E. K. Schubert, L. K. Dunnwald, S. K. Lindsley, J. R. Gralow, M. M. Austin-Seymour, G. K. Ellis, et al.
Detection of Locoregional and Distant Recurrences in Breast Cancer Patients by Using FDG PET
RadioGraphics, January 1, 2002; 22(1): 5 - 17.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
M. B. Wallace, G. A. Silvestri, A. V. Sahai, R. H. Hawes, B. J. Hoffman, V. Durkalski, W. S. Hennesey, and C. E. Reed
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for staging patients with carcinoma of the lung
Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2001; 72(6): 1861 - 1867.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadioGraphicsHome page
R. Komaki, M. H. Chasen, W. D. Travis, J. B. Putnam, F. V. Fossella, R. W. Byhardt, and J. Y. Ro
Oncodiagnosis Panel: 1999: Cancer of the Lung: Oncodiagnosis
RadioGraphics, November 1, 2001; 21(6): 1573 - 1596.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Heart JHome page
P.F. Ludman and M.B. Rubens
Electron beam CT scanning: finding more than calcium
Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2001; 22(18): 1639 - 1641.
[PDF]

Home page
 ImagingHome page
S F Barrington
Whole body applications of positron emission tomography in oncology
Imaging, September 1, 2001; 13(3): 185 - 196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
N. C. Gupta, W. J. Tamim, G. G. Graeber, H. A. Bishop, and G. R. Hobbs
Mediastinal Lymph Node Sampling Following Positron Emission Tomography With Fluorodeoxyglucose Imaging in Lung Cancer Staging
Chest, August 1, 2001; 120(2): 521 - 527.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
G. Staatz, C. C. A. Nolte-Ernsting, G. B. Adam, S. Grosskortenhaus, B. Misselwitz, A. Bucker, and R. W. Gunther
Interstitial T1-weighted MR Lymphography: Lipophilic Perfluorinated Gadolinium Chelates in Pigs
Radiology, July 1, 2001; 220(1): 129 - 134.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
J.F. Vansteenkiste and S.G. Stroobants
The role of positron emission tomography with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in respiratory oncology
Eur. Respir. J., April 1, 2001; 17(4): 802 - 820.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
H.-P. Hauber, K. H. Bohuslavizki, C. H. Lund, A. Fritscher-Ravens, A. Meyer, and A. Pforte
Positron Emission Tomography in the Staging of Small-Cell Lung Cancer : A Preliminary Study
Chest, March 1, 2001; 119(3): 950 - 954.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ThoraxHome page
British Thoracic Society, Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britai, and Ireland Working Party
Guidelines on the selection of patients with lung cancer for surgery
Thorax, February 1, 2001; 56(2): 89 - 108.
[Full Text]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
F. Tanaka, K. Yanagihara, Y. Otake, M. Li, R. Miyahara, H. Wada, and H. Ito
Biological features and preoperative evaluation of mediastinal nodal status in non-small cell lung cancer
Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2000; 70(6): 1832 - 1838.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
K. Dhital, C. A.B. Saunders, P. T. Seed, M. J. O'Doherty, and J. Dussek
[18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and its prognostic value in lung cancer
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., October 1, 2000; 18(4): 425 - 428.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
D. OST and A. FEIN
Evaluation and Management of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2000; 162(3): 782 - 787.
[Full Text]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
M. A. Farrell, H. P. McAdams, J. E. Herndon, and E. F. Patz Jr
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: FDG PET for Nodal Staging in Patients with Stage I Disease
Radiology, June 1, 2000; 215(3): 886 - 890.
[Abstract] [Full Text]