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Endovascular Stents in Pulmonary Valve and Artery in Swine: Feasibility Study of MR Imaging–guided Deployment and Postinterventional Assessment¹

¹ From the Department of Radiology (T.K., M.S., C.B.H., G.A.K., O.M.W.) and the Division of Pediatric Cardiology (T.K., K.G., D. Turner, D. Teitel, P.M.), University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, L308, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Switzerland (O.M.W.); and Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands (A.J.M.). Received October 5, 2001; revision requested December 18; final revision received May 31, 2002; accepted July 10. Address correspondence to C.B.H. (e-mail: charles.higgins@radiology.ucsf.edu).

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to guide stent deployment in the pulmonary valve and artery and evaluate, after stent deployment, the position and morphology of and blood flow through the stent.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Angiography and 1.5-T MR imaging were performed in a dual-imaging suite. Nitinol stents were placed in the pulmonary valve and main pulmonary artery in five pigs by using MR imaging guidance. For interactive MR imaging monitoring of catheter manipulation and stent delivery, balanced fast field-echo and T1-weighted turbo field-echo sequences were used. Visualization of the delivery system was based on T2* (with air as the contrast material) or T1 (with gadodiamide as the contrast material). After stent deployment, the position and morphology of and flow through the stent were verified with multiphase multisection balanced fast field-echo and velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Findings at angiography and postmortem examination also helped verify stent placement. The paired Student t test was used for data analysis.

RESULTS: The stent was successfully deployed in all animals. The stent was placed distal to the pulmonary valve in four animals and across the pulmonary valve in one animal. The position and morphology of the stent were clearly depicted on balanced fast field-echo images. In the animal with the stent placed across the pulmonary valve, the pulmonary regurgitant fraction was 37%; this was not seen in the animals with stents placed distal to the pulmonary valve. No complication (eg, stent migration, intramural injury, or vascular perforation) was noted during the intervention. Findings at angiography and postmortem examination confirmed the position of the stents.

CONCLUSION: MR imaging has the potential to guide stent placement in the pulmonary valve or artery and to evaluate flow volume within the stent lumen after the intervention.

© RSNA, 2003

Index terms: Animals • Heart, interventional procedures, 533.1269, 564.1269 • Heart, MR, 56.121419 • Heart, valves, 533.1269 • Pulmonary arteries, 564.1269 • Stents and prostheses, 533.1269, 564.1269

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