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DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2433060155
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(Radiology 2007;243:837-846.)
© RSNA, 2007

Pediatric Imaging

Contrast-enhanced MR Angiography of the Chest and Abdomen with Use of Controlled Apnea in Children1

Roya S. Saleh, MD, Swati Patel, MD, Margaret H. Lee, MD, M. Ines Boechat, MD, Osman Ratib, MD, PhD, Carla R. Saraiva, MD, and J. Paul Finn, MD

1 From the Departments of Radiology (R.S.S., M.H.L., M.I.B., O.R., C.R.S., J.P.F.) and Anesthesiology (S.P.), Division of Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Peter V. Uberroth Bldg, Suite 3371, 10945 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7206. Received January 26, 2006; revision requested March 27; revision received May 5; accepted June 1; final version accepted September 5. Address correspondence to R.S.S. (e-mail: rsaleh{at}mednet.ucla.edu).

Purpose: To retrospectively determine if controlled apnea improves the image quality of contrast material–enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of the chest and abdomen in children.

Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval and waiver of informed consent were obtained for this HIPAA-compliant study. The authors evaluated contrast-enhanced MR angiographic procedures performed in the chest, abdomen, or both, in 23 children (14 boys, nine girls; age range, 1 month to 8 years) who were under general anesthesia. All patients underwent mechanical ventilation with preoxygenation (100% oxygen) prior to controlled apnea during image acquisition. In control subjects, the authors assessed contrast-enhanced MR angiographic procedures performed in the chest, abdomen, or both, in 23 children (matched for age and type of study with children in the controlled apnea group; 11 boys, 12 girls; age range, 1 month to 8 years) who were under general anesthesia (n = 15) or deep sedation (n = 8) and were breathing spontaneously during image acquisition. MR angiograms of the chest, abdomen, or both, were assessed for image quality, motion artifacts, and vessel definition by two radiologists working in consensus with a subjective grading scale. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess differences in measurements.

Results: Image quality was rated excellent in 97% (30 of 31) of studies with controlled apnea and in 30% (nine of 31) of control studies (P < .001). Motion artifacts were absent in 97% (30 of 31) of studies with controlled apnea and 13% (four of 31) of control studies (P < .001). Vessel sharpness was rated as being significantly better on images obtained with controlled apnea (P < .05). There were no complications caused by anesthesia or sedation in either group.

Conclusion: Controlled apnea is highly effective in children for eliminating respiratory motion artifacts with contrast-enhanced MR angiographic studies, resulting in greatly improved image quality and spatial resolution.

© RSNA, 2007