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DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2481071497
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(Radiology 2008;248:20-43.)
© RSNA, 2008

State of the Art

Nonenhanced MR Angiography1

Mitsue Miyazaki, PhD and Vivian S. Lee, MD, PhD

1 From the Department of MRI, Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, 990 Corporate Woods Pkwy, Vernon Hills, IL 60061 (M.M.); and Department of Radiology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (V.S.L.). Received August 24, 2007; revision requested November 7; revision received November 30; accepted January 29, 2008; final version accepted February 21. Address correspondence to M.M. (e-mail: mmiyazaki{at}tams.com).

While nonenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic methods have been available since the earliest days of MR imaging, prolonged acquisition times and image artifacts have generally limited their use in favor of gadolinium-enhanced MR angiographic techniques. However, the combination of recent technical advances and new concerns about the safety of gadolinium-based contrast agents has spurred a resurgence of interest in methods that do not require exogenous contrast material. After a review of basic considerations in vascular imaging, the established methods for nonenhanced MR angiographic techniques, such as time of flight and phase contrast, are considered and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. This article then focuses on new techniques that are becoming commercially available, such as electrocardiographically gated partial-Fourier fast spin-echo methods and balanced steady-state free precession imaging both with and without arterial spin labeling. Challenges facing these methods and possible solutions are considered. Since different imaging techniques rely on different mechanisms of image contrast, recommendations are offered for which strategies may work best for specific angiographic applications. Developments on the horizon include techniques that provide time-resolved imaging for assessment of flow dynamics by using nonenhanced approaches.

© RSNA, 2008




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