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Radio-Frequency Electrocautery Ablation of Mammary Tissue in Swine1

John P. McGahan, MD, Stephen M. Griffey, DVM, PhD, Philip D. Schneider, MD, PhD, John M. Brock, BS, CCRP, C. Darryl Jones, MD and Songhua Zhan, MD

1 From the Department of Radiology (J.P.M., J.M.B., C.D.J., S.Z.); Comparative Pathology Laboratory (S.M.G.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology (P.D.S.); University of California–Davis Medical Center, 4860 Y St, Ste 3100, Sacramento, CA 95817. Received August 31, 1999; revision requested October 12; final revision received February 18, 2000; accepted February 28. J.P.M. supported by a grant from RadioTherapeutics, Mountain View, Calif. Address correspondence to J.P.M. (e-mail: john.mcgahan@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu).



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  		Figure 1. Photograph of RF needle with nondisplaced prongs (top). The sharp tip allows the needle to be introduced into the tissue before the prongs deploy (bottom).

 


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  		Figure 2. Transverse US image demonstrates echogenic prongs (arrows) of the RF needle in swine mammary tissue.

 


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  		Figure 3. Photograph of an opened needle and the front panel of the RF generator, which displays (left to right) time of RF application, power, curve representing impedance, and receptacles for active and grounding electrodes.

 


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  		Figure 4a. (a) Transverse section of mammary tissue from the acute animal after viability staining shows demarcation (circular outline) between nonviable (pale yellow central region) and viable (blue peripheral region) tissue (bar = 1 cm). (b) Photomicrograph obtained in the acute animal shows a mammary lobule (center) surrounded by a nonviable tissue zone. Epithelial nuclei are densely basophilic and pyknotic. Architecture is preserved, which is consistent with acute coagulation necrosis. (Hematoxylin-eosin stain; original magnification, x200.)

 


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  		Figure 4b. (a) Transverse section of mammary tissue from the acute animal after viability staining shows demarcation (circular outline) between nonviable (pale yellow central region) and viable (blue peripheral region) tissue (bar = 1 cm). (b) Photomicrograph obtained in the acute animal shows a mammary lobule (center) surrounded by a nonviable tissue zone. Epithelial nuclei are densely basophilic and pyknotic. Architecture is preserved, which is consistent with acute coagulation necrosis. (Hematoxylin-eosin stain; original magnification, x200.)

 


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  		Figure 5a. (a) Transverse section of mammary tissue from the subacute animal shows distinct demarcation (circular outline) between central necrotic tissue and hemorrhagic rim (bar = 1 cm). (b) Photomicrograph obtained in the subacute animal shows necrotic tissue containing clear edema and scattered neutrophils (upper half of image) bordered by free blood at the lower margin of image (hemorrhagic rim). (Hematoxylin-eosin stain; original magnification, x200.)

 


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  		Figure 5b. (a) Transverse section of mammary tissue from the subacute animal shows distinct demarcation (circular outline) between central necrotic tissue and hemorrhagic rim (bar = 1 cm). (b) Photomicrograph obtained in the subacute animal shows necrotic tissue containing clear edema and scattered neutrophils (upper half of image) bordered by free blood at the lower margin of image (hemorrhagic rim). (Hematoxylin-eosin stain; original magnification, x200.)

 


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  		Figure 6a. (a) Transverse section of mammary tissue from the chronic animal shows central gray area that was firm on palpation (outlined by markers) compared with the adjacent tissue. Necrotic tissue was not evident. (b) Photomicrograph obtained in the chronic animal shows aggregated mononuclear cells (arrow) surrounded by densely cellular fibroblastic tissue in fibrotic zone. (Hematoxylin-eosin stain; original magnification, x200.)

 


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  		Figure 6b. (a) Transverse section of mammary tissue from the chronic animal shows central gray area that was firm on palpation (outlined by markers) compared with the adjacent tissue. Necrotic tissue was not evident. (b) Photomicrograph obtained in the chronic animal shows aggregated mononuclear cells (arrow) surrounded by densely cellular fibroblastic tissue in fibrotic zone. (Hematoxylin-eosin stain; original magnification, x200.)

 




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