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MR Imaging of the Heart with Cine True Fast Imaging with Steady-State Precession: Influence of Spatial and Temporal Resolutions on Left Ventricular Functional Parameters¹

¹ From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany (S.M., U.K.); Department of MR Research and Development, Siemens Medical Systems, Chicago, Ill (O.P.S.); and Department of MR Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill (J.C., J.P.F.). Received January 4, 2001; revision requested February 26; final revision received August 10; accepted October 10. Address correspondence to S.M. (e-mail: stephan.miller@uni-tuebingen.de).

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Schematic depicts the timing module of the basic true FISP pulse sequence. All gradient waveforms (G) are rewound in each repetition time (TR). Phase (Ny) of the excitation pulse () is alternated from one repetition time to the next. Echo time (TE) = TR/2. RF = radio frequency.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Scatterplot compares EDV index for different values of temporal resolution (T45 = 45 msec, T60 = 60 msec, T90 = 90 msec). The x-y plot of EDV index for different values of temporal resolution shows good correlation (r = 0.98-0.99; slope, 0.79-1.08; P < .001). The graph demonstrates that there is no influence of temporal resolution on EDV index.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Bar graph depicts influence of temporal resolution of 21-90 msec (T21, T45, T60, T90) on EF, with mean EF values and error bars that indicate SD. EF decreases with reduction in temporal resolution. The P values are given in comparison with temporal resolution of 21 msec.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Figure 4a. Bar graph depicts influence of temporal resolution of 21-90 msec (T21, T45, T60, T90) on ejection and filling rates, with mean values and error bars that indicate SD. P values are given in comparison with temporal resolution of 21 msec. (a) Ejection and (b) filling rates decrease with reduction of temporal resolution.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Figure 4b. Bar graph depicts influence of temporal resolution of 21-90 msec (T21, T45, T60, T90) on ejection and filling rates, with mean values and error bars that indicate SD. P values are given in comparison with temporal resolution of 21 msec. (a) Ejection and (b) filling rates decrease with reduction of temporal resolution.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Figure 5. Curves for LV volume over time for temporal resolutions (T) of 21-90 msec. The y axes indicate volume (milliliters), and the x axes indicate time (milliseconds). End systole is not detected with temporal resolutions of 60 () and 90 () msec compared with temporal resolutions of 21 () and 45 () msec. Ejection and filling rates decrease with increasing time frame duration.

View larger version (131K): [in a new window]   Figure 6a. End-diastolic and end-systolic short-axis MR images (electrocardiography-triggered cine true FISP two-dimensional sequence, 45/1.5, effective repetition time of 3 msec, flip angle of 50°, 5-mm section thickness) were obtained with different spatial resolutions. Imaging was performed in identical section positions, with and without contours. Increased pixel size is associated with increased partial volume effects and blurring of contours. (a) End-diastolic and (b) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 1 (pixel size, 1 x 1 mm). (c) End-diastolic and (d) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 2 (pixel size, 2 x 2 mm). (e) End-diastolic and (f) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 3 (pixel size, 3 x 3 mm).

View larger version (133K): [in a new window]   Figure 6b. End-diastolic and end-systolic short-axis MR images (electrocardiography-triggered cine true FISP two-dimensional sequence, 45/1.5, effective repetition time of 3 msec, flip angle of 50°, 5-mm section thickness) were obtained with different spatial resolutions. Imaging was performed in identical section positions, with and without contours. Increased pixel size is associated with increased partial volume effects and blurring of contours. (a) End-diastolic and (b) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 1 (pixel size, 1 x 1 mm). (c) End-diastolic and (d) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 2 (pixel size, 2 x 2 mm). (e) End-diastolic and (f) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 3 (pixel size, 3 x 3 mm).

View larger version (116K): [in a new window]   Figure 6c. End-diastolic and end-systolic short-axis MR images (electrocardiography-triggered cine true FISP two-dimensional sequence, 45/1.5, effective repetition time of 3 msec, flip angle of 50°, 5-mm section thickness) were obtained with different spatial resolutions. Imaging was performed in identical section positions, with and without contours. Increased pixel size is associated with increased partial volume effects and blurring of contours. (a) End-diastolic and (b) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 1 (pixel size, 1 x 1 mm). (c) End-diastolic and (d) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 2 (pixel size, 2 x 2 mm). (e) End-diastolic and (f) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 3 (pixel size, 3 x 3 mm).

View larger version (115K): [in a new window]   Figure 6d. End-diastolic and end-systolic short-axis MR images (electrocardiography-triggered cine true FISP two-dimensional sequence, 45/1.5, effective repetition time of 3 msec, flip angle of 50°, 5-mm section thickness) were obtained with different spatial resolutions. Imaging was performed in identical section positions, with and without contours. Increased pixel size is associated with increased partial volume effects and blurring of contours. (a) End-diastolic and (b) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 1 (pixel size, 1 x 1 mm). (c) End-diastolic and (d) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 2 (pixel size, 2 x 2 mm). (e) End-diastolic and (f) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 3 (pixel size, 3 x 3 mm).

View larger version (122K): [in a new window]   Figure 6e. End-diastolic and end-systolic short-axis MR images (electrocardiography-triggered cine true FISP two-dimensional sequence, 45/1.5, effective repetition time of 3 msec, flip angle of 50°, 5-mm section thickness) were obtained with different spatial resolutions. Imaging was performed in identical section positions, with and without contours. Increased pixel size is associated with increased partial volume effects and blurring of contours. (a) End-diastolic and (b) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 1 (pixel size, 1 x 1 mm). (c) End-diastolic and (d) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 2 (pixel size, 2 x 2 mm). (e) End-diastolic and (f) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 3 (pixel size, 3 x 3 mm).

View larger version (120K): [in a new window]   Figure 6f. End-diastolic and end-systolic short-axis MR images (electrocardiography-triggered cine true FISP two-dimensional sequence, 45/1.5, effective repetition time of 3 msec, flip angle of 50°, 5-mm section thickness) were obtained with different spatial resolutions. Imaging was performed in identical section positions, with and without contours. Increased pixel size is associated with increased partial volume effects and blurring of contours. (a) End-diastolic and (b) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 1 (pixel size, 1 x 1 mm). (c) End-diastolic and (d) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 2 (pixel size, 2 x 2 mm). (e) End-diastolic and (f) end-systolic images were obtained with spatial resolution 3 (pixel size, 3 x 3 mm).