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Electromagnetic Breast Imaging: Average Tissue Property Values in Women with Negative Clinical Findings¹

¹ From the Depts of Radiology (S.P.P.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.K.S.), and Pathology (W.A.W.), Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (K.D.P., A.H., P.M.M., B.W.P.); and Dept of Community and Family Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Ctr, Lebanon, NH (T.D.T., M.R.G.). Received Apr 10, 2003; revision requested Jun 27; revision received Sep 8; accepted Oct 14. Supported by National Institutes of Health grant P01-CA80139. Address correspondence to S.P.P. (e-mail: steven.p.poplack@hitchcock.org).

View larger version (80K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Representative electromagnetic property map images and corresponding coronal MR image of midcoronal section of left breast of 55-year-old study subject. Reformatted coronal cross section of T2*-weighted MR magnitude image (upper left) and corresponding (but not coregistered) 785-nm absorption coefficient NIR spectroscopic image (values are per millimeter) (upper right), 125-kHz relative permittivity EI spectroscopic image (data are dimensionless) (lower left), and 600-MHz relative permittivity MI spectroscopic image (data are dimensionless) (lower right). er = relative permittivity.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Scatterplots show relationships between selected electromagnetic properties and subject BMI. Data are given for both right (R) and left (L) breasts. An overall correlation coefficient (r), based on data from both breasts, is provided. EIS = EI spectroscopy, MIS = MI spectroscopy, Rel.Perm. = relative permittivity.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Figure 3a. Bar graphs illustrate changes in electromagnetic properties with variations in breast density, age, and BMI. (a) Bar graph shows adjusted percentage change in property measures at NIR spectroscopy with decreasing breast density (white bars), increasing subject age (by 1 SD) (black bars), and increasing BMI (by 1 SD) (gray bars). coeff. = coefficient, HB = hemoglobin concentration, O2 = oxygen. (b) Bar graph shows adjusted percentage change in dielectric properties at EI spectroscopy with decreasing breast density (white bars), increasing age (by 1 SD) (black bars), and increasing BMI (by 1 SD) (gray bars). Units of measure for conductivity and permittivity at EI spectroscopy are –1 · m–1. The percentage change for BMI with relative permittivity is off the scale at both kilohertz values. (c) Bar graph shows adjusted percentage change in dielectric properties at MI spectroscopy with decreasing breast density (white bars), increasing age (by 1 SD) (black bars), and increasing BMI (by 1 SD) (gray bars).

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Figure 3b. Bar graphs illustrate changes in electromagnetic properties with variations in breast density, age, and BMI. (a) Bar graph shows adjusted percentage change in property measures at NIR spectroscopy with decreasing breast density (white bars), increasing subject age (by 1 SD) (black bars), and increasing BMI (by 1 SD) (gray bars). coeff. = coefficient, HB = hemoglobin concentration, O2 = oxygen. (b) Bar graph shows adjusted percentage change in dielectric properties at EI spectroscopy with decreasing breast density (white bars), increasing age (by 1 SD) (black bars), and increasing BMI (by 1 SD) (gray bars). Units of measure for conductivity and permittivity at EI spectroscopy are –1 · m–1. The percentage change for BMI with relative permittivity is off the scale at both kilohertz values. (c) Bar graph shows adjusted percentage change in dielectric properties at MI spectroscopy with decreasing breast density (white bars), increasing age (by 1 SD) (black bars), and increasing BMI (by 1 SD) (gray bars).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Figure 3c. Bar graphs illustrate changes in electromagnetic properties with variations in breast density, age, and BMI. (a) Bar graph shows adjusted percentage change in property measures at NIR spectroscopy with decreasing breast density (white bars), increasing subject age (by 1 SD) (black bars), and increasing BMI (by 1 SD) (gray bars). coeff. = coefficient, HB = hemoglobin concentration, O2 = oxygen. (b) Bar graph shows adjusted percentage change in dielectric properties at EI spectroscopy with decreasing breast density (white bars), increasing age (by 1 SD) (black bars), and increasing BMI (by 1 SD) (gray bars). Units of measure for conductivity and permittivity at EI spectroscopy are –1 · m–1. The percentage change for BMI with relative permittivity is off the scale at both kilohertz values. (c) Bar graph shows adjusted percentage change in dielectric properties at MI spectroscopy with decreasing breast density (white bars), increasing age (by 1 SD) (black bars), and increasing BMI (by 1 SD) (gray bars).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. Scatterplots show range of correlations between property values at different electromagnetic examinations. Data are given for both right (R) and left (L) breasts. An overall correlation coefficient (r), based on data from both breasts, is provided. Conduct = conductivity, EIS = EI spectroscopy, HB = hemoglobin concentration, MIS = MI spectroscopy, O2 Sat. = oxygen saturation, RelPerm = relative permittivity.