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Alternative Input Devices for Efficient Navigation of Large CT Angiography Data Sets¹

¹ From the Radiology 3D Laboratory, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 318 Campus Dr, Rm S323, Stanford, CA 94305-5450. From the 2002 RSNA Annual Meeting. Received December 15, 2003; revision requested February 23, 2004; revision received April 30; accepted May 24. Supported by the National Institutes of Health 1R01HL67194, the Lucas Foundation, the Packard Foundation, the Phil N. Allen Trust, and the Wallenberg Foundation. Address correspondence to A.J.S. (e-mail: sherbond@stanford.edu).

View larger version (112K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Navigation devices used in this study. Clockwise from upper left: Graphire pen tablet (Wacom Technology, Vancouver, Wash), trackball (Macally, Irwindale, Calif), ShuttlePro jog-shuttle wheel (Contour Design, Windham, NH), and ScrollPoint mouse (IBM, White Plains, NY).

View larger version (83K): [in a new window]   Figure 2a. Thin-slab maximum intensity projections from the CT angiography data set obtained in the patient with advanced peripheral vascular disease show two of the 25 anatomic targets used in this study. (a) Thirty-voxel-thick anteroposterior view centered on origin of right anterior tibial artery (three-section extent). (b) Eighty-eight-voxel-thick view midway between anteroposterior and left-right views centered on point of left superficial femoral artery occlusion (four-section extent). Note that readers were asked to find anatomic targets by navigating through transverse image stacks and did not see these or any other type of processed views. The vascular targets are circled in yellow, and the range of acceptable transverse sections is located between the red lines.

View larger version (110K): [in a new window]   Figure 2b. Thin-slab maximum intensity projections from the CT angiography data set obtained in the patient with advanced peripheral vascular disease show two of the 25 anatomic targets used in this study. (a) Thirty-voxel-thick anteroposterior view centered on origin of right anterior tibial artery (three-section extent). (b) Eighty-eight-voxel-thick view midway between anteroposterior and left-right views centered on point of left superficial femoral artery occlusion (four-section extent). Note that readers were asked to find anatomic targets by navigating through transverse image stacks and did not see these or any other type of processed views. The vascular targets are circled in yellow, and the range of acceptable transverse sections is located between the red lines.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Figure 3a. Location of artificial target in secondary experiment. (a) Front view of 3D target. The polyhedron has a central triangular section with a base of 2 cm and a height of 1.2 cm (display dimensions), and the smaller triangles linearly interpolate to zero in 20 sections on either side of the central triangle. (b) Side view of 3D target (showing every other section). (c, d) Images from abdominal CT angiography data set show target (white triangle in c, red triangle in d) embedded near center of images.

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Figure 3b. Location of artificial target in secondary experiment. (a) Front view of 3D target. The polyhedron has a central triangular section with a base of 2 cm and a height of 1.2 cm (display dimensions), and the smaller triangles linearly interpolate to zero in 20 sections on either side of the central triangle. (b) Side view of 3D target (showing every other section). (c, d) Images from abdominal CT angiography data set show target (white triangle in c, red triangle in d) embedded near center of images.

View larger version (83K): [in a new window]   Figure 3c. Location of artificial target in secondary experiment. (a) Front view of 3D target. The polyhedron has a central triangular section with a base of 2 cm and a height of 1.2 cm (display dimensions), and the smaller triangles linearly interpolate to zero in 20 sections on either side of the central triangle. (b) Side view of 3D target (showing every other section). (c, d) Images from abdominal CT angiography data set show target (white triangle in c, red triangle in d) embedded near center of images.

View larger version (85K): [in a new window]   Figure 3d. Location of artificial target in secondary experiment. (a) Front view of 3D target. The polyhedron has a central triangular section with a base of 2 cm and a height of 1.2 cm (display dimensions), and the smaller triangles linearly interpolate to zero in 20 sections on either side of the central triangle. (b) Side view of 3D target (showing every other section). (c, d) Images from abdominal CT angiography data set show target (white triangle in c, red triangle in d) embedded near center of images.