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Porcine Liver: Morphologic Characteristics and Cell Viability at Experimental Radiofrequency Ablation with Internally Cooled Electrodes¹

¹ From the Departments of Surgery (K.K.N., C.M.L., R.T.P., W.C.Y., J.Y.T., Y.H.W., C.P.L., T.C.T., D.W.H., S.T.F.) and Pathology (T.W.S.) and Centre for the Study of Liver Disease, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, China. Received March 3, 2004; revision requested May 14; revision received June 4; accepted July 8. Supported by Distinguished Research Achievement Award and Sun C. Y. Research Foundation for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the University of Hong Kong. Address correspondence to K.K.N. (e-mail: kcng66@yahoo.com).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Schematic shows morphologic measurements of each ablated zone (A) in ex vivo and in vivo studies. D1 = minimal transverse diameter, D2 = minimal longitudinal diameter, D3 = distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip.

View larger version (113K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Specimen with ellipsoidal zone of RF ablation (38 x 22 mm), which was produced with single RF electrode with 3-cm exposed length at 4 minutes of ablation in in vivo study. C = center containing the shaft of the RF electrode, R = red zone, W = white zone.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Figure 3a. Graphs show measurements in ex vivo study with single RF electrode and 1-cm (dotted line), 2-cm (dashed line), and 3-cm (solid line) exposed lengths at 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes of ablation. (a) Minimal transverse diameter. (b) Minimal longitudinal diameter. (c) Distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip. (d) Volume of ablated zones.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Figure 3b. Graphs show measurements in ex vivo study with single RF electrode and 1-cm (dotted line), 2-cm (dashed line), and 3-cm (solid line) exposed lengths at 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes of ablation. (a) Minimal transverse diameter. (b) Minimal longitudinal diameter. (c) Distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip. (d) Volume of ablated zones.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Figure 3c. Graphs show measurements in ex vivo study with single RF electrode and 1-cm (dotted line), 2-cm (dashed line), and 3-cm (solid line) exposed lengths at 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes of ablation. (a) Minimal transverse diameter. (b) Minimal longitudinal diameter. (c) Distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip. (d) Volume of ablated zones.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Figure 3d. Graphs show measurements in ex vivo study with single RF electrode and 1-cm (dotted line), 2-cm (dashed line), and 3-cm (solid line) exposed lengths at 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes of ablation. (a) Minimal transverse diameter. (b) Minimal longitudinal diameter. (c) Distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip. (d) Volume of ablated zones.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Figure 4a. Graphs show measurements in ex vivo study with clustered RF electrode and 1.0-cm (dotted line), 2.0-cm (dashed line), and 2.5-cm (solid line) exposed lengths at 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes of ablation. (a) Minimal transverse diameter. (b) Minimal longitudinal diameter. (c) Distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip. (d) Volume of ablated zones.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Figure 4b. Graphs show measurements in ex vivo study with clustered RF electrode and 1.0-cm (dotted line), 2.0-cm (dashed line), and 2.5-cm (solid line) exposed lengths at 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes of ablation. (a) Minimal transverse diameter. (b) Minimal longitudinal diameter. (c) Distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip. (d) Volume of ablated zones.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Figure 4c. Graphs show measurements in ex vivo study with clustered RF electrode and 1.0-cm (dotted line), 2.0-cm (dashed line), and 2.5-cm (solid line) exposed lengths at 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes of ablation. (a) Minimal transverse diameter. (b) Minimal longitudinal diameter. (c) Distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip. (d) Volume of ablated zones.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Figure 4d. Graphs show measurements in ex vivo study with clustered RF electrode and 1.0-cm (dotted line), 2.0-cm (dashed line), and 2.5-cm (solid line) exposed lengths at 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes of ablation. (a) Minimal transverse diameter. (b) Minimal longitudinal diameter. (c) Distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip. (d) Volume of ablated zones.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Figure 5. Graph shows distance of ablation beyond the electrode tip in in vivo study with single RF electrode (dotted line) with 1-, 2-, and 3-cm exposed lengths and clustered RF electrode (dashed line) with 1.0-, 2.0-, and 2.5-cm exposed lengths at 8 and 12 minutes of ablation.

View larger version (186K): [in a new window]   Figure 6. Specimen shows physical damage to liver lobule within zone of RF ablation that resulted from formation of microbubbles during the process of ablation (D) and scattered thrombosed small vessels (V). (Hematoxylin-eosin stain; original magnification, x50.)

View larger version (201K): [in a new window]   Figure 7. Histologic specimen shows congestion of sinusoids with erythrocytes in the red zone (R) of the zone of ablation, compared with the white zone (W), which lacks these histologic features. (Hematoxylin-eosin stain; original magnification, x100.)

View larger version (125K): [in a new window]   Figure 8. Specimen shows clear-cut demarcation (dashed line) between viable (V) and nonviable tissue (N) at the margins of the white zone and red zone in each ablated area. (Histochemical stain; original magnification, x100.)