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Published online before print July 25, 2006, 10.1148/radiol.2403050569
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Whole-Brain T1 Mapping in Multiple Sclerosis: Global Changes of Normal-appearing Gray and White Matter1

Hugo Vrenken, MSc, PhD, Jeroen J. G. Geurts, MSc, PhD, Dirk L. Knol, PhD, L. Noor van Dijk, MD, Vincenzo Dattola, MD, Bas Jasperse, MD, Ronald A. van Schijndel, MSc, Chris H. Polman, MD, PhD, Jonas A. Castelijns, MD, PhD, Frederik Barkhof, MD, PhD and Petra J. W. Pouwels, PhD

1 From the Departments of Radiology (H.V., J.J.G.G., L.N.v.D., J.A.C., F.B.), Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.L.K.), Neurology (B.J., C.H.P.), and Physics and Medical Technology (R.A.v.S., P.J.W.P.), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatric and Anaesthesiological Sciences, University of Messina, Italy (V.D.). Received April 6, 2005; revision requested June 7; revision received September 9; accepted October 14; final version accepted November 1. Supported by the Dutch MS Research Foundation, Voorschoten, the Netherlands, through a program grant and specific project grants to H.V. (grant 98-371 MS) and J.J.G.G. (grant 00-427 MS). Address correspondence to H.V.


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1: A, Oblique transverse T1-weighted three-dimensional fast low-angle shot MR image (20/4; bandwidth, 244 Hz/pixel; field of view, 256 mm; in-plane resolution, 1 x 1 mm2) with 20° flip angle depicts section in patient with SP MS. B, T1 map of same section as in A. C, T1 fit error map of same section as in A. D, E, Corresponding tissue-specific T1 maps of normal-appearing WM (D) and normal-appearing GM (E) after conservative segmentation. B shows clear distinction between WM and GM.

 

Figure 2
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  		Figure 2: Individual normalized unsmoothed histograms of cerebral normal-appearing (NA) WM (left peaks) and cerebral cortical normal-appearing GM (right peaks) of the same patient as in Figure 1 (gray lines) and a healthy control subject (black lines) for comparison. Histogram peaks have symmetric near-normal shape, with clear separation of normal-appearing WM from normal-appearing GM.

 

Figure 3
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  		Figure 3a: Group mean T1 histograms for (a) normal-appearing WM (NAWM) and (b) normal-appearing GM (NAGM). Both horizontal and vertical scales differ between the two figures. In a, the mean T1 histogram of MS lesions, averaged over all patients, is shown for comparison. This histogram has a peak position around 1000 msec and is much wider than the histograms for normal-appearing WM. In both normal-appearing WM and normal-appearing GM, there is a shift of T1 histograms toward higher T1 values in patients with MS, which is most severe for the group with SP MS.

 

Figure 3
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  		Figure 3b: Group mean T1 histograms for (a) normal-appearing WM (NAWM) and (b) normal-appearing GM (NAGM). Both horizontal and vertical scales differ between the two figures. In a, the mean T1 histogram of MS lesions, averaged over all patients, is shown for comparison. This histogram has a peak position around 1000 msec and is much wider than the histograms for normal-appearing WM. In both normal-appearing WM and normal-appearing GM, there is a shift of T1 histograms toward higher T1 values in patients with MS, which is most severe for the group with SP MS.

 

Figure 4
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  		Figure 4: Scatterplot of T1 histogram peak height for normal-appearing WM (NAWM) versus NBV in control subjects (gray squares) and patients with PP MS ({circ}), RR MS (x), and SP MS ({blacktriangleup}). With increasing heterogeneity of T1 values in normal-appearing WM, as reflected by a decreased peak height, the overall brain volume is decreased. For the total group of patients with MS, Spearman {rho} was 0.510 (P < .001). A similar relationship with NBV was observed for peak position for normal-appearing GM.

 

Figure 5
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  		Figure 5: Scatterplot of T1 histogram peak positions for normal-appearing WM (NAWM) versus those for normal-appearing GM (NAGM) for control subjects and patients with PP MS, RR MS, and SP MS. Keys are the same as in Figure 4. In the total group of patients with MS, the correlation was significant (Spearman {rho} = 0.613, P < .001). Similar correlations were observed for other T1 histogram parameters.

 




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