(Radiology. 1999;212:111-116.)
© RSNA, 1999
Bicipitoradial Bursitis: MR Imaging Findings in Eight Patients and Anatomic Data from Contrast Material Opacification of Bursae Followed by Routine Radiography and MR Imaging in Cadavers1
Abdalla Y. Skaf, MD,
Robert D. Boutin, MD,
Robert Weiber M. Dantas, MD,
Andrew W. Hooper, MD,
Claus Muhle, MD,
David S. Chou, MD,
Nittaya Lektrakul, MD,
Debra J. Trudell, RA,
Parviz Haghighi, MD and
Donald L. Resnick, MD
1 From the Departments of Radiology (A.Y.S., R.D.B., R.W.M.D., A.W.H., C.M., D.S.C., N.L., D.J.T., D.L.R.) and Pathology (P.H.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA 92161. Received April 23, 1998; revision requested June 24; final revision received December 15; accepted January 15, 1999. Supported in part by Veterans Administration grant no. SA-360. Address reprint requests to D.L.R. (e-mail: dresnick@ucsd.edu).
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Abstract
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PURPOSE: To use radiography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging after contrast material opacification of the bursae in cadaveric specimens to demonstrate the anatomy of the bicipitoradial bursa and to report MR imaging findings in patients with bicipitoradial bursitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bicipitoradial bursa in eight cadaveric elbows were injected with a solution containing gadodiamide, iodinated contrast agent, and gelatin. Radiographs and MR images were obtained in each specimen, with both supination and pronation of the forearm. The morphology and relationships of the bursa were studied. Anatomic sections subsequently were obtained. MR imaging studies in eight patients with bicipitoradial bursitis were also evaluated.
RESULTS: The bicipitoradial bursa revealed a smooth outline and a wide base along the superficial aspect of the radius. The mean volume of contrast material that could be injected before extravasation was 4 mL. The mean size of the bursa was 1.8 x 2.5 cm. The bicipitoradial bursa enveloped the biceps tendon, with internal septation seen in two cases. Displacement of the superficial branch of the radial nerve by the bursa was found in two specimens. Communication between the bicipitoradial bursa and elbow joint was not observed. In patients, MR imaging demonstrated fluid collections in the bicipitoradial bursa in all cases, with compression of branches of the radial nerve in two cases.
CONCLUSION: The anatomy of the bicipitoradial bursa is demonstrated with radiography and MR imaging of bursae. MR imaging allows accurate diagnosis of bicipitoradial bursitis and its effects on adjacent structures.
Index terms: Bursa, 422.251 • Bursitis, 422.251 • Elbow, anatomy, 422.11, 422.121411, 422.121415, 422.12143, 422.251, 422.92 • Elbow, MR, 422.121411, 422.121415, 422.12143
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Introduction
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Bursal cavities are interposed between surfaces that move on each other and produce a friction force, such as sites where a tendon glides over a projecting bone surface (1). The bursae found in the cubital fossa (cubital bursae) consist of the bicipitoradial bursa and interosseous bursa (Fig 1), which occasionally communicate. When inflamed, the bursae may enlarge and produce symptoms. Patients with cubital bursitis present clinically with a mass in the cubital fossa, sensory and motor symptoms and signs resulting from nerve compression, or both. To our knowledge, few reports describing the anatomy (2–5) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (4–7) of the bicipitoradial bursa have been published.
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Figure 1a. (a) Diagram demonstrates the normal anatomy of the antecubital fossa in the coronal plane. The relationships between the bicipitoradial bursa, biceps tendon, and neural structures are shown. Flex = flexor. (b) Diagram shows that the bicipitoradial bursa (BRB) surrounds the biceps tendon (BT) in supination. In pronation, the radial tuberosity (rt) rotates posteriorly, which compresses the bicipitoradial bursa between the biceps tendon and the radial cortex; this consequently increases the pressure within the bursa. R = radius, U = ulna. (c) Photograph of a transaxial cadaveric section shows the exact location of the bicipitoradial bursa (long black arrow) between the biceps tendon (arrowheads) and the cortex of the radius (R) and its relationship with the adjacent neural structures. Also demonstrated are the median nerve (long white arrow), the superficial branch of the radial nerve (short black arrow), and the deep branch of the radial nerve (short white arrow).
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Figure 1b. (a) Diagram demonstrates the normal anatomy of the antecubital fossa in the coronal plane. The relationships between the bicipitoradial bursa, biceps tendon, and neural structures are shown. Flex = flexor. (b) Diagram shows that the bicipitoradial bursa (BRB) surrounds the biceps tendon (BT) in supination. In pronation, the radial tuberosity (rt) rotates posteriorly, which compresses the bicipitoradial bursa between the biceps tendon and the radial cortex; this consequently increases the pressure within the bursa. R = radius, U = ulna. (c) Photograph of a transaxial cadaveric section shows the exact location of the bicipitoradial bursa (long black arrow) between the biceps tendon (arrowheads) and the cortex of the radius (R) and its relationship with the adjacent neural structures. Also demonstrated are the median nerve (long white arrow), the superficial branch of the radial nerve (short black arrow), and the deep branch of the radial nerve (short white arrow).
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Figure 1c. (a) Diagram demonstrates the normal anatomy of the antecubital fossa in the coronal plane. The relationships between the bicipitoradial bursa, biceps tendon, and neural structures are shown. Flex = flexor. (b) Diagram shows that the bicipitoradial bursa (BRB) surrounds the biceps tendon (BT) in supination. In pronation, the radial tuberosity (rt) rotates posteriorly, which compresses the bicipitoradial bursa between the biceps tendon and the radial cortex; this consequently increases the pressure within the bursa. R = radius, U = ulna. (c) Photograph of a transaxial cadaveric section shows the exact location of the bicipitoradial bursa (long black arrow) between the biceps tendon (arrowheads) and the cortex of the radius (R) and its relationship with the adjacent neural structures. Also demonstrated are the median nerve (long white arrow), the superficial branch of the radial nerve (short black arrow), and the deep branch of the radial nerve (short white arrow).
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The purpose of our study was twofold. First, our objective was to describe the normal imaging anatomy of the bicipitoradial bursa, including its relationship with the radial insertion of the biceps tendon and the adjacent branches of the radial nerve, by using radiography and MR imaging after contrast material opacification of the bursa. Our second aim was to report the MR findings in eight patients with bicipitoradial bursitis.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Cadaveric Study
Eight upper extremities (transected at the midhumeral level) containing the wrist and hand were obtained from fresh nonembalmed cadavers (four women, four men; age range at death, 75–88 years; mean age at death, 80 years) and were immediately deep-frozen at -40°C (Bio-Freezer; Forma Scientific, Marietta, Ohio). The specimens were allowed to thaw for 24 hours at room temperature prior to imaging. All specimens were examined with anteroposterior and lateral radiography to confirm the absence of arthritis or previous osseous injuries affecting the elbow.
Imaging of bursae.—A single-contrast technique was used for both radiography and MR imaging of bursae. The contrast material that was injected was a 3–6-mL mixture of iohexol (Omnipaque; Nycomed Amersham, Princeton, NJ), gadodiamide (Omniscan; Nycomed Amersham), and a 15% concentrated solution of gelatin. Gadodiamide was injected in a concentration of 2 mmol/L. To obtain this concentration, 2 mL of gadodiamide was added to 250 mL of a normal saline solution (7), and 5 mL of the resultant solution was mixed with 5 mL of iohexol and 5 mL of the gelatin solution. With fluoroscopic guidance, a 22-gauge (0.7 x 40.0-mm) needle was inserted obliquely through the skin from an anterior approach and advanced until the proximal portion of the radial tuberosity was contacted (Fig 2). The intrabursal position of the tip of the needle was verified with a test injection of a small amount of iohexol. The bursa was slowly and progressively distended until resistance to further injection was met. When the needle was withdrawn, pressure was maintained at the point of entry to prevent leakage of contrast material.
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Figure 2. Anteroposterior radiograph of the bicipitoradial bursa in a cadaver. The needle is placed immediately superficial to the radial tuberosity. Contrast material outlines the bicipitoradial bursa (arrow) that surrounds the biceps tendon (arrowheads).
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Elbow radiographs (radiographic unit manufactured by Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) obtained after the injection procedure included anteroposterior and lateral projections with supination and pronation of the forearm. The upper arm was fixed to a frame by Velcro straps to guide these movements.
The interval between radiography and MR imaging of bursae varied from 30 to 80 minutes. With the arm placed in extension, MR images were obtained by using two receive-only 3-inch extremity surface coils and a 1.5-T magnet (Signa; GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wis). Imaging was performed in transaxial, coronal oblique, and sagittal oblique planes. Transaxial and sagittal oblique images were obtained with supination and pronation of the forearm. The coronal oblique images were obtained only with supination of the forearm. T1-weighted spin-echo and fat-suppressed T1-weighted spin-echo sequences were obtained with these parameters: 500/15 msec (repetition time msec/echo time msec), two signals acquired, 12-cm field of view, 256 x 256 imaging matrix, and 3-mm section thickness, without an intersection gap.
Histology and radiography.—After MR imaging, the specimens were refrozen at -40°C and subsequently sectioned with a band saw into 3-mm sections that corresponded to the thickness of the images. The plane of anatomic section in each specimen corresponded to one of the imaging planes according to lines drawn on the specimen at the time of imaging. The sections were obtained in the transaxial plane in six specimens (three in pronation and three in supination) and in the sagittal and coronal oblique planes in one specimen each. Microscopic examination was performed by an experienced pathologist (P.H.) in four specimens to allow correlation with the macroscopic findings.
Transaxial sections at the level of the radial insertion of the biceps tendon were imaged. A special radiographic unit (X-ray System 43805 N; Faxitron X-ray, division of Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif) designed to examine sections of cadaveric specimens was then used after the injection of contrast material. Two musculoskeletal radiologists (A.Y.S., R.D.B.) evaluated these radiographs by consensus to determine the location and extent of the injected contrast material relative to the adjacent biceps tendon and radial tuberosity.
Clinical Study
We retrospectively reviewed MR images of the elbow obtained in eight patients (five men, three women; age range, 40–78 years; mean age, 52 years) with bicipitoradial bursitis for evaluation of their clinical manifestations. Two musculoskeletal radiologists (A.Y.S., R.D.B.) reviewed these images by consensus for the presence, extent, and appearance of any fluid collection in the expected position of the bicipitoradial bursa.
All MR images were obtained with the elbow in extension and the forearm in supination by using a pair of receive-only extremity surface coils placed dorsally and ventrally and a 1.5-T magnet (Signa, GE Medical Systems; Magnetom Vision, Siemens Medical Systems, Iselin, NJ). The sequences varied and consisted of T1-weighted spin-echo (300–500/15–20), T2-weighted fast spin-echo with or without fat suppression (2,500–4,800/40–112), and double-echo (intermediate-weighted and T2-weighted spin-echo; 3,000–4,600/17–20 and 90–110) imaging. The field of view was 12–15 cm, the section thickness was 2–4 mm, and the intersection gap was 1.0–2.5 mm, with two to four signals acquired.
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RESULTS
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Cadaveric Study
Imaging of bursae.—The bicipitoradial bursa was easily outlined by percutaneously injecting contrast material under fluoroscopic guidance between the biceps tendon anteriorly and the radial tuberosity posteriorly (Fig 3). In the transaxial plane, the bicipitoradial bursa had a wide base along the superficial aspect of the radius, with a mean dimension of 2.8 cm (range, 2.4–3.9 cm). In the sagittal oblique plane, the biceps tendon was partially enveloped by the bicipitoradial bursa for a mean length of 4.1 cm (range, 3.8–4.9 cm) proximal to the radial tubercle (Fig 4). The mean amount of contrast material that could be injected into the bursa without resistance was 4.1 mL (range, 3.6–5.3 mL). Extravasation occurred in one case after injection of 6.0 mL, with contrast material appearing adjacent to the paratenon of the biceps tendon.
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Figure 3. Photomicrograph. Bicipitoradial bursa (B) separates the biceps tendon (T) from the bone. There is a thin layer of irregular collagenous connective tissue (CT) between the tendon and the bursa. (Hematoxylin-eosin stain; original magnification, x4.)
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Figure 4a. (a) Radiograph of bursa in a cadaver shows the normal configuration of the bicipitoradial bursa (white arrowheads) in the lateral projection, with the arm supine. The tubular filling defect is the biceps tendon (curved arrow). Note the insertion of the biceps tendon (black arrowheads and straight arrow) into the radial tuberosity. (b) Sagittal T1-weighted fat-suppressed MR image (500/15) of the corresponding elbow. Note the bicipitoradial bursa (white straight arrow), biceps tendon (curved arrow), short head of the biceps tendon (arrowheads), and long head of the biceps tendon (black straight arrow).
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Figure 4b. (a) Radiograph of bursa in a cadaver shows the normal configuration of the bicipitoradial bursa (white arrowheads) in the lateral projection, with the arm supine. The tubular filling defect is the biceps tendon (curved arrow). Note the insertion of the biceps tendon (black arrowheads and straight arrow) into the radial tuberosity. (b) Sagittal T1-weighted fat-suppressed MR image (500/15) of the corresponding elbow. Note the bicipitoradial bursa (white straight arrow), biceps tendon (curved arrow), short head of the biceps tendon (arrowheads), and long head of the biceps tendon (black straight arrow).
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With MR imaging of bursae, the bicipitoradial bursa was noted to have a smooth outline in six specimens. Septa were seen in only two cases with MR imaging of bursae. In all eight cases, no communication between the bicipitoradial bursa and the interosseous bursa or the elbow joint was observed. The biceps tendon was partially enveloped by the bicipitoradial bursa in six cases and was ensheathed completely by the bicipitoradial bursa in two cases.
After injection of 4.8 and 5.3 mL of solution, the superficial branch of the radial nerve was displaced volarly by the distended bicipitoradial bursa in the prone position (Fig 5), with the forearm in supination; no evidence of mass effect on the adjacent superficial branch of the radial nerve was observed. The deep branch of the radial nerve was not affected by the enlarged bursa in either pronation or supination (Fig 6).
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Figure 5. Transaxial T1-weighted spin-echo MR image (500/15) of the bursa in a cadaver. The distended bursa (black straight arrow) is in proximity with the superficial branch of the radial nerve (long white straight arrow) and may cause compression of the nerve. The short white straight arrow indicates the deep branch of the radial nerve, and the curved arrow indicates the biceps tendon.
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Figure 6a. In a–d, the large black straight arrow indicates the bicipitoradial bursa, the small black straight arrows indicate the biceps tendon, the curved arrow indicates the superficial branch of the radial nerve, and the white straight arrow indicates the deep branch of the radial nerve. (a, b) Transaxial T1-weighted MR images (500/15) with the forearm in (a) supination and (b) pronation. The bicipitoradial bursa changes shape with supination and pronation of the forearm. (c, d) Photographs of corresponding anatomic sections with the forearm in (c) supination and (d) pronation demonstrate similar findings, with the plane of section in the anatomic sample varying only slightly from that during MR imaging.
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Figure 6b. In a–d, the large black straight arrow indicates the bicipitoradial bursa, the small black straight arrows indicate the biceps tendon, the curved arrow indicates the superficial branch of the radial nerve, and the white straight arrow indicates the deep branch of the radial nerve. (a, b) Transaxial T1-weighted MR images (500/15) with the forearm in (a) supination and (b) pronation. The bicipitoradial bursa changes shape with supination and pronation of the forearm. (c, d) Photographs of corresponding anatomic sections with the forearm in (c) supination and (d) pronation demonstrate similar findings, with the plane of section in the anatomic sample varying only slightly from that during MR imaging.
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Figure 6c. In a–d, the large black straight arrow indicates the bicipitoradial bursa, the small black straight arrows indicate the biceps tendon, the curved arrow indicates the superficial branch of the radial nerve, and the white straight arrow indicates the deep branch of the radial nerve. (a, b) Transaxial T1-weighted MR images (500/15) with the forearm in (a) supination and (b) pronation. The bicipitoradial bursa changes shape with supination and pronation of the forearm. (c, d) Photographs of corresponding anatomic sections with the forearm in (c) supination and (d) pronation demonstrate similar findings, with the plane of section in the anatomic sample varying only slightly from that during MR imaging.
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Figure 6d. In a–d, the large black straight arrow indicates the bicipitoradial bursa, the small black straight arrows indicate the biceps tendon, the curved arrow indicates the superficial branch of the radial nerve, and the white straight arrow indicates the deep branch of the radial nerve. (a, b) Transaxial T1-weighted MR images (500/15) with the forearm in (a) supination and (b) pronation. The bicipitoradial bursa changes shape with supination and pronation of the forearm. (c, d) Photographs of corresponding anatomic sections with the forearm in (c) supination and (d) pronation demonstrate similar findings, with the plane of section in the anatomic sample varying only slightly from that during MR imaging.
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Histology and Faxitron radiography.—The identification of anatomic structures with MR imaging was accurate, as confirmed with histologic examination. The distal tendon of the biceps brachii had no identifiable tendon sheath.
Faxitron radiographs demonstrated bone proliferation arising from the radial tuberosity at the biceps tendon insertion site in one specimen (Fig 7).
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Figure 7. Faxitron radiograph in cadaver. Enthesopathic lesion (small black straight arrow) and cortical irregularity (arrowheads) of the radial tuberosity at the insertion site of the biceps tendon (large black straight arrow) may cause degenerative changes or biceps tendon bursitis. B indicates the bicipitoradial bursa, the straight white arrow indicates the superficial branch of the radial nerve, the curved white arrow indicates the deep branch of the radial nerve, and the curved black arrow indicates the median nerve.
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Clinical Study
Six of eight patients presented with pain in the cubital fossa. All patients had a palpable mass in this region at physical examination (Table). Two of these patients had additional weakness of the extensor muscles of the forearm, which correlated with nerve compression revealed at MR imaging.
MR imaging in all patients demonstrated distention of the bursa by fluid with hypointensity on T1-weighted images and hyperintensity on T2-weighted images. In three patients, the bicipitoradial bursa was noted to have a smooth outline; in the other three patients, the bicipitoradial bursa had an irregular outline. Septa within the bursa were seen in one patient; no communication between the bicipitoradial bursa and the interosseous bursa or the elbow joint was observed in any patient. The biceps tendon was partially enveloped by the bicipitoradial bursa in five patients; in the sixth patient, it was ensheathed completely by the bicipitoradial bursa (Fig 8). Direct contact of the superficial and deep branches of the radial nerve by the bicipitoradial bursa was found in two patients (Fig 9).
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Figure 8. Transaxial fast T2-weighted MR image (4,800/112) obtained in a 53-year-old man with a palpable mass in the antecubital fossa shows the biceps tendon (small black solid arrow) completely enveloped by the bicipitoradial bursa (large black solid arrow). There is no direct contact of the bicipitoradial bursa with the median nerve (white solid arrow) or with the superficial (arrowhead) or deep (open arrow) branch of the radial nerve.
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Figure 9a. Transaxial MR images obtained in a 41-year-old woman who presented with a palpable mass in antecubital fossa, pain, and weakness of the extensor muscles. (a) Intermediate-weighted MR image (4,600/17) shows enlargement of the bicipitoradial bursa (black arrow) directly contacting the superficial (white arrow) and deep (arrowhead) branches of the radial nerve. (b) T2-weighted fast spin-echo non–fat-suppressed MR image (4,600/102) shows enlargement of the bicipitoradial bursa (curved arrow) directly contacting the superficial (straight arrow) and deep (arrowhead) branches of the radial nerve. (Image courtesy of Mini Pathria, MD, San Diego, Calif).
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Figure 9b. Transaxial MR images obtained in a 41-year-old woman who presented with a palpable mass in antecubital fossa, pain, and weakness of the extensor muscles. (a) Intermediate-weighted MR image (4,600/17) shows enlargement of the bicipitoradial bursa (black arrow) directly contacting the superficial (white arrow) and deep (arrowhead) branches of the radial nerve. (b) T2-weighted fast spin-echo non–fat-suppressed MR image (4,600/102) shows enlargement of the bicipitoradial bursa (curved arrow) directly contacting the superficial (straight arrow) and deep (arrowhead) branches of the radial nerve. (Image courtesy of Mini Pathria, MD, San Diego, Calif).
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DISCUSSION
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Bursae are located where structures that move relative to each other are in apposition, such as where tendons are deflected around bone or under retinacula in the vicinity of joints. At such sites, the bursa is composed of a simple flattened sac lined by a synovial membrane and supported by dense irregular connective tissue. The majority of bursae occur between a tendon and bone (eg, bicipitoradial bursa) and are termed "subtendinous bursae." Some bursae communicate with nearby joints such that the synovial membrane is continuous between the bursa and the articulation. Such communicating bursae may develop separately from the joint and only subsequently become connected with the articular cavity.
The role of the bicipitoradial bursa is to reduce friction between the biceps tendon and the tuberosity of the radius. In this fashion, the bicipitoradial bursa may allow free movement of the biceps tendon over a limited range of pronation and supination of the forearm (1). Sometimes the bicipitoradial bursa ensheaths the distal insertion of the biceps tendon for a short distance (1–3). Histologically, the bicipitoradial bursa contains a synovial lining, and its apposed walls are separated by a thin film of fluid. At histologic examination, the posterior wall of the bicipitoradial bursa is easily visualized close to the cortex of the radius, but the anterior wall is hard to distinguish from the paratenon of the biceps tendon.
The distal portion of the biceps tendon is formed by the union of two muscle bellies, the long and short heads of the biceps brachii; individual components of the biceps brachii can be readily separated until a level approximately 7 cm above the elbow joint, where they join and terminate in a flattened tendon that is attached to the rough posterior portion of the radial tuberosity (Fig 4). The distal tendon of the biceps brachii has no tendon sheath.
Bursitis leading to enlargement of the bicipitoradial bursa can result from a number of causes, but most frequently it results from repetitive mechanical trauma (8); other causes include infection, inflammatory arthropathy, chemical synovitis, bone proliferation, and synovial chondromatosis (3,4,8–10).
When the bicipitoradial bursa is enlarged, it often is palpable and can impair normal flexion and extension of the elbow. With pronation, the tuberosity of the radius rotates posteriorly, causing compression of the bursa between the biceps tendon and the radial tuberosity, consequently increasing the tension within the bursa (Figs 1, 6). With the accumulation of fluid in the bicipitoradial bursa, a mass effect in the cubital fossa may lead to compression of the adjacent nerves (4,8). Resultant symptoms depend on which nerve is compressed. When the superficial branch of the radial nerve is affected, the symptoms are sensory related; when the deep branch of the radial nerve (posterior interosseous nerve) is affected, the symptoms are motor related (weakness of the extensor muscles).
In all cadaveric and clinical cases, the median nerve was not compressed by the distended bursa and was medial to the bicipitoradial bursa. In our opinion, the median nerve is unlikely to be compressed unless there is substantial distention of the bicipitoradial bursa, an anatomic variation of the nerve, or intercommunication between the bicipitoradial bursa and interosseous bursa (4–6, 8–12).
MR imaging allows assessment of the relationship between the bicipitoradial bursa and the adjacent structures and, owing to the signal intensity characteristics of the bursal fluid, is helpful in defining cystic masses in this area, such as ganglion cysts (6). However, with MR imaging, it may be difficult to distinguish bicipitoradial bursitis from interosseous bursitis, especially in patients with a very enlarged bicipitoradial bursa.
Conservative treatment of bicipitoradial bursitis consists of aspiration of the bursa and injection of corticosteroid medications. Surgical resection may be required if failure of conservative treatment occurs, with recurrence of pain after aspiration, neurologic impairment, or mechanical limitation to flexion and extension of the elbow (4).
In summary, the bicipitoradial bursa is a thin and delicate structure lined by a synovial membrane and is located between the radial insertion of the biceps tendon and the cortex of the radial tuberosity. Enlargement of the bicipitoradial bursa should be recognized as distinct from tenosynovitis or a ganglion cyst. MR imaging is a useful diagnostic method for evaluating bicipitoradial bursitis and its effect on adjacent structures.
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Footnotes
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Author contributions: Guarantors of integrity of entire study, A.Y.S., D.L.R.; study concepts, D.L.R.; study design, A.Y.S., D.L.R.; definition of intellectual content, R.D.B., D.L.R.; literature research, A.Y.S., A.W.H.; clinical studies, R.D.B., C.M., R.W.M.D.; experimental studies, R.D.B., A.Y.S., R.W.M.D., D.J.T.; data acquisition, R.D.B., D.J.T.; data analysis, R.D.B., A.W.H., C.M., P.H., N.L.; manuscript preparation, N.L., A.Y.S., R.D.B.; manuscript editing, D.S.C., N.L., D.L.R., R.D.B.; manuscript review, N.L., D.L.R., R.D.B.
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805 - 826.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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M. L. Chew and B. M. Giuffre
Disorders of the Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon
RadioGraphics,
September 1, 2005;
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[Abstract]
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F. Floemer, W. B. Morrison, G. Bongartz, and H. P. Ledermann
MRI Characteristics of Olecranon Bursitis
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O. Hauger, L. R. Frank, R. D. Boutin, N. Lektrakul, C. B. Chung, P. Haghighi, and D. Resnick
Characterization of the "Red Zone" of Knee Meniscus: MR Imaging and Histologic Correlation
Radiology,
October 1, 2000;
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193 - 200.
[Abstract]
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T. T. Miller and R. S. Adler
Sonography of Tears of the Distal Biceps Tendon
Am. J. Roentgenol.,
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[Abstract]
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TOP
Abstract
Introduction
