| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Vascular and Interventional Radiology |
1 From the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (G.S.J., J.D.H., Y.D.C.) and Internal Medicine (S.J.P., J.Y.K.), College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, South Korea, and the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 388-1, Poongnap-Dong, Songpa-Ku, Seoul 138-736, South Korea (H.Y.S., S.G.K.). Received July 22, 1999; revision requested September 24; revision received November 23; accepted December 7. G.S.J., H.Y.S., and S.G.K. supported by grant HMP-98-G-2-043 of the Highly Advanced National Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea. Address correspondence to H.Y.S. (e-mail: hysong@www.amc.seoul.kr).
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The stent was constructed in-house by weaving a single thread of 0.2-mm nitinol wire in a tubular configuration and was covered with polyurethane solution by means of a dipping method. With fluoroscopic guidance, the stent was placed in 19 consecutive patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction (n = 15) or duodenal obstruction (n = 4). All patients had severe nausea and recurrent vomiting, and their obstructions were inoperable.
RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful in all but one patient. After stent placement, symptoms improved in all but one patient, who had another stenosis at the proximal jejunum. One patient with stent placement in the second portion of the duodenum became jaundiced. During the mean follow-up of 11 weeks, stent migration occurred in five patients 1–4 days after the procedure. All patients with stent migration were treated by means of placing a second, uncovered nitinol stent. Two of these five patients showed recurrence of stricture because of tumor ingrowth; they underwent coaxial placement of a third, covered nitinol stent with good results.
CONCLUSION: Placement of a polyurethane-covered expandable nitinol stent seems to be technically feasible and effective for palliative treatment of inoperable malignant gastroduodenal obstructions. Stent migration, however, is problematic and requires further investigation.
Index terms: Duodenum, stenosis or obstruction, 73.256, 73.33 • Endoscopy, 72.1229, 73.1229 • Gastrointestinal tract, interventional procedures, 72.1229, 73.1229 • Stents and prostheses, 72.1229, 73.1229 • Stomach, stenosis or obstruction, 72.256
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Covered stents have been used in the esophagus to prevent tumor ingrowth (16) and most likely will contribute to the solution of this problem. However, the delivery systems used in the esophagus are too large and rigid to be used in the gastric outlet or in the duodenum. Song et al (17) successfully implanted a covered stent in a patient with obstructing cancer of the gastric antrum; however, the stent was placed through a surgical gastrostomy. Therefore, better-designed stents and delivery systems are needed for peroral placement of a covered stent in gastroduodenal obstructions.
To solve these problems, we designed a polyurethane-covered expandable nitinol stent and a delivery system for peroral placement in patients with inoperable gastric or duodenal obstructions. The purpose of this study was to describe the technique of making and implanting this stent, as well as early clinical outcomes.
|
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
|
Stent Construction and Stent Introducer Set
The stent was woven 16 times from a single thread of 0.2-mm nitinol wire in a tubular configuration. To prevent tumor growth or mucosal hyperplasia through the stent wires, the stent was covered with 12% polyurethane solution (Chronoflex; Cardiotech International, Woburn, Mass) by means of a dipping method. To provide a firmer covering to the most proximal and distal parts of the stent to prevent detachment of the polyurethane covering from the nitinol wire, those areas were covered with 100% nylon mesh and then coated by dipping in polyurethane. The stent was 16 mm in diameter when fully expanded and 40–90 mm long, and both ends of the stent were flared up to 26 mm (Fig 1). A radiopaque mark made of gold was attached at both ends of the stent. The stent was constructed in our research laboratory. A stent at least 20 mm longer than the stricture was selected for placement so that its proximal and distal parts would rest above and below the stricture, respectively.
|
Stent Placement and Removal Techniques
The site, severity, and length of the stricture were evaluated by means of a barium study before stent placement by either one of two authors (G.S.J. or H.Y.S.) who then placed the stent. Topical anesthesia of the pharynx and larynx was achieved routinely before the procedure by using an aerosol spray (Atomizer; Devilbiss, Somerset, Pa). Sedatives were used routinely in all patients. A nasogastric tube was placed before the procedure to empty the stomach in patients with severe gastric distention.
A 100-cm-long, 5-F angled vascular catheter (HI Headhunter Cerebral; Cook, Bloomington, Ind) with a 260-cm-long, 0.035-inch-diameter exchange guide wire (Radiofocus M; Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was inserted through the mouth and down the esophagus into the stomach. After injection of iopromide (Ultravist 300; Schering-Korea, Ansung, South Korea) to demonstrate the proximal extension of the stenosis, the catheter was advanced across the stenosis to the distal portion of the stenosis with fluoroscopic guidance and the help of the guide wire. In four patients with substantial gastric distention despite decompression of the stomach by means of nasogastric tube insertion, the exchange guide wire was placed endoscopically through the stenosis.
After removal of the endoscope (Olympus GIF-P30; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), the vascular catheter was advanced over the guide wire to the distal portion of the stenosis. After placement of the vascular catheter distal to the stenosis with fluoroscopic or endoscopic guidance, water-soluble iodinated contrast medium was injected to demonstrate the distal extension of the stenosis, and the vascular catheter was replaced with a 5-F, graduated sizing catheter (Cook) to measure the length of the stenosis. The 0.035-inch exchange guide wire was then exchanged for a 260-cm-long, 0.035-inch extra stiff guide wire (Lunderquist Extra Stiff Wire Guide; Cook-Europe, Bjaeverskov, Denmark), and the catheter was removed with the guide wire left in place.
Subsequently, a deflated guiding balloon catheter was passed through the 6-mm sheath of the stent introducer set with half of the balloon lying out of the sheath; it was inflated with diluted, water-soluble iodinated contrast medium to guide the sheath. This sheath balloon catheter assembly was passed over the guide wire into the stomach and advanced until the distal end of the sheath reached approximately 1 cm beyond the stenosis. After the guiding balloon catheter was removed, a covered nitinol stent was compressed into the sheath and advanced by using a pusher catheter until the distal part of the stent reached the distal end of the sheath. After that, the pusher catheter was held in place with one hand while the sheath was slowly withdrawn in a continuous motion with the other hand. This freed the stent and allowed it to lie within the stenosis and to expand. All stents demonstrated adequate, immediate self-expansion without postdeployment balloon dilation.
In patients with upward migration of the stent, the migrated stent was removed by using a loop-snare technique. To remove the stent, a 0.035-inch exchange guide wire was introduced through the mouth into the stomach. A 13-F sheath with a dilator (Stentech) was passed down over the guide wire into the stomach. After the dilator was removed from the sheath, the loop snare was introduced through the sheath by using a 0.032-inch guide wire, thereby forming a wide loop inside the stomach lumen. After the migrated stent was snared with fluoroscopic guidance and endoscopic monitoring, the loop was tightened around the stent and was pulled out without complication.
Follow-up
All patients underwent barium study 1 day after stent placement to verify the position and patency of the stent. Endoscopy was performed before the patient was discharged. Further follow-up in each patient was based on monthly clinical examinations in the outpatient clinic. Follow-up barium study or endoscopy was performed only in patients with recurrent symptoms. When the performance of clinical examinations was not practical, the patients or their families were contacted by telephone every month, while the patients were alive, for information concerning nausea, vomiting, and dysphagia.
|
RESULTS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
|
|
Symptoms improved after placement of initial or second stents in all patients except patient 11. Patient 11 had another stenosis at the proximal jejunum that had been overlooked prior to stent placement. This patient required intravenous nutrition until death 22 days later because of no symptomatic improvement even after stent placement. The other 17 patients were able to take liquids or solid foods after stent placement, and three of them subsequently were able to eat almost any type of food. Endoscopy performed before the patient was discharged showed the widely opened lumen containing the stent in all 18 patients. Three patients who had massive gastric involvement of cancer had occasional nausea or vomiting during the follow-up period, although follow-up endoscopic or barium study results showed the patent lumen containing the stent.
Patient 6, one of the three patients with stent placement in the second portion of the duodenum, developed jaundice after stent placement in the duodenum; however, the stent migrated 4 days after placement, and the jaundice was relieved. A second, uncovered stent was then placed (Fig 3), and the patient was asymptomatic for 9 weeks with soft food intake. No jaundice developed thereafter. The other two patients, patients 17 and 18, underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or choledochojejunostomy before stent placement and did not develop jaundice after the procedure.
|
|
|
|
|
During the mean follow-up of 11 weeks, 10 of 18 patients died 3–15 weeks (mean, 7.6 weeks) after stent placement owing to sepsis or diffuse metastasis of the underlying cancer, and the remaining eight patients were without symptoms 8–22 weeks (mean, 15.6 weeks) after stent placement.
|
DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
In our study, peroral placement of a polyurethane-covered expandable nitinol stent was technically feasible. With our method of stent construction, it was possible to reduce the introducing sheath down to 6 mm in outer diameter and 5 mm in inner diameter. We used an after-loading technique to place the stent because it was difficult to pass the delivery system mounted with the stent through the stenosis, as reported by Binkert et al (4) and Strecker et al (5). Concerning an extra stiff guide wire inserted beyond the stenosis, the introducing sheath with a guiding balloon catheter could be passed over the guide wire through the stenosis without difficulty even in an extremely dilated stomach, because of the relatively small diameter and sufficient flexibility of the sheath. Once the introducing sheath was advanced beyond the stenosis, the covered stent was placed successfully by using the pusher catheter through the sheath. With this method, placement of the covered stent was successful in 18 of 19 patients without procedure-related complications. One technical failure in our study was due to failure of negotiation of the guide wire through the stenosis.
Despite their ability to prevent tumor ingrowth, covered stents have been reported to migrate more often than uncovered stents in the esophagus (18), as was true in our study. Various methods of preventing stent migration in the esophagus have been described already (19–22). We agree with the opinion that stent migration could be minimized by using a stent with proximal and distal shoulder formation (22). However, the diameter of the introducing sheath must be increased if the stent is constructed with a shoulder formation rather than flaring, because a shoulder formation makes it difficult to compress the stent into the sheath. Further investigations are necessary to modify the stent design and reduce the diameter of the introducing sheath by using a different material to prevent stent migration.
Two of five patients with a second, uncovered stent due to stent migration showed recurrence of the stricture because of tumor ingrowth. These two patients underwent coaxial placement of a covered stent in the uncovered one. Interestingly, no immediate or delayed stent migration occurred thereafter in these patients.
In most previous articles (4–15), the diameter of the uncovered stent used for gastroduodenal obstructions was 16–22 mm. In uncovered stents, the ex vivo stent caliber is not correlated with the final, fully expanded luminal diameter after stent insertion (13,23). When the stents are placed in the stenotic lumen, they are incorporated gradually into the tumor tissue and at the same time expand the stenosis (23). Thus, the final, fully expanded luminal diameter after stent insertion is always smaller than the original stent diameter. On the other hand, the covered stents could have nearly the same luminal diameter as the original stent diameter after full expansion of the stents. Therefore, we thought that the use of a 16-mm, covered nitinol stent would create a wide enough luminal diameter to enable free passage of food, although we are not sure of the ideal stent diameter for use in gastroduodenal obstruction. In our study, 17 of the 18 patients with successful stent placement experienced relief of their obstructive symptoms and improved oral intake. Three of these patients subsequently were able to eat almost any type of food.
Yates et al (13) suggested a possible limitation of using covered stents in duodenal obstruction because of the possibility of creating a biliary obstruction at the level of the papilla of Vater. In our study, one of the three patients with stent placement in the second portion of the duodenum developed jaundice. The other two patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or choledochojejunostomy before stent placement and did not develop jaundice. We therefore recommend that either an uncovered stent should be used or biliary decompression should be mandatory prior to placement of a covered stent in the second portion of the duodenum. However, malignant duodenal obstruction due to pancreatic or bile duct carcinoma often is preceded by biliary stenosis (24,25). Therefore, biliary decompression commonly is required before palliation of a duodenal obstruction even with the use of uncovered stents (24,25).
In conclusion, despite the short follow-up period and several limitations, our preliminary results indicate that use of a polyurethane-covered expandable nitinol stent is a feasible and effective method of treating inoperable malignant gastroduodenal obstructions. Use of a covered stent can prevent tumor ingrowth and thereby decrease the rate of recurrent obstruction. However, one should take precautions to use a covered stent in treating a duodenal obstruction because of the potential for biliary obstruction. Moreover, further investigations will be necessary to prevent stent migration.
|
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
|---|
|
FOOTNOTES |
|---|
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. H. Kim, H.-Y. Song, J. H. Shin, H. T. Hu, S. K. Lee, H.-Y. Jung, and J. H. Yook Metallic Stent Placement in the Palliative Treatment of Malignant Gastric Outlet Obstructions: Primary Gastric Carcinoma Versus Pancreatic Carcinoma Am. J. Roentgenol., July 1, 2009; 193(1): 241 - 247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Kim, H.-Y. Song, Y.-D. Li, J. H. Shin, J.-H. Park, C.-S. Yu, and J. C. Kim Dual-Design Expandable Colorectal Stent for Malignant Colorectal Obstruction: Comparison of Flared Ends and Bent Ends Am. J. Roentgenol., July 1, 2009; 193(1): 248 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Kim, H.-Y. Song, J. H. Shin, E. Choi, T. W. Kim, S. K. Lee, and B. S. Kim Stent Collapse as a Delayed Complication of Placement of a Covered Gastroduodenal Stent Am. J. Roentgenol., June 1, 2007; 188(6): 1495 - 1499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. R. Cardenes, E. G. Chiorean, J. DeWitt, M. Schmidt, and P. Loehrer Locally advanced pancreatic cancer: current therapeutic approach. Oncologist, June 1, 2006; 11(6): 612 - 623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. B. Hunter and M. S. Taljanovic Medical Devices of the Abdomen and Pelvis RadioGraphics, March 1, 2005; 25(2): 503 - 523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Lopera, A. Brazzini, A. Gonzales, and W. R. Castaneda-Zuniga Gastroduodenal Stent Placement: Current Status RadioGraphics, November 1, 2004; 24(6): 1561 - 1573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Y. Jeong, J. K. Han, A. Y. Kim, K. H. Lee, J. Y. Lee, J.-W. Kang, T. J. Kim, S. H. Shin, and B. I. Choi Fluoroscopically Guided Placement of a Covered Self-Expandable Metallic Stent for Malignant Antroduodenal Obstructions: Preliminary Results in 18 Patients Am. J. Roentgenol., April 1, 2002; 178(4): 847 - 852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. H. Baron Expandable Metal Stents for the Treatment of Cancerous Obstruction of the Gastrointestinal Tract N. Engl. J. Med., May 31, 2001; 344(22): 1681 - 1687. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| RADIOLOGY | RADIOGRAPHICS | RSNA JOURNALS ONLINE |
